This is the original estimate path model.
This is the bootstrapped path model.
This is a path model showing only the measurement model components.
Ideally, outer loadings (l) should be \(\geq\) 0.70. Loadings below 0.40 are unacceptable. AVE should be > 0.50.
Both Cronbachβs a and composite reliability rc should be \(\geq\) 0.60 and \(\leq\) 0.90. The upper threshold of acceptability is 0.95.
Discriminant validity is evaluated using the heterotrait-monotrait ratio (HTMT). The HTMT bootstrap confidence interval should not contain 1.
All indicators and constructs show sufficient convergent validity and discriminant validity. All constructs show internal consistency reliability. Composite reliability for Personal Moral Norm is still above 0.95, but Cronbachβs alpha and construct reliability is sufficient. The HTMT bootstrap CIs include 1 for all the Distrusting Beliefs lower-order constructs. As they are associated with the same higher-order construct, this is permissible.
To evaluate convergent validity, a redundancy analysis is conducted. The path coefficient should be \(\geq\) 0.70 and RΒ² should be \(\geq\) 0.50.
Reiterating: For sufficient convergent validity, the path coefficient should be \(\geq\) 0.70 and RΒ² should be \(\geq\) 0.50.
The variance inflation factor (VIF) should be < 5, ideally \(\leq\) 3.
Indicator weights should be significant (t \(\geq\) 1.65, bootstrapping CI does not include 0). Otherwise, the loading l should be \(\geq\) 0.50. Any positive indicator weight implies relevance.
Convergent validity is established for all constructs. There are no issues with collinearity as indicated by the VIF. All weights are significant and relevant.
Convergent validity cannot be evaluated.
The variance inflation factor (VIF) should be < 5, ideally \(\leq\) 3.
Indicator weights should be significant (t \(\geq\) 1.65, bootstrapping CI does not include 0). Otherwise, the loading l should be \(\geq\) 0.50. Any positive indicator weight implies relevance.
For the formative higher-order constructs, there are no issues with collinearity (VIF above 3, but below 5) and all weights are significant and relevant. The weight for Integrity is not significant, but the loading is sufficiently large and significant. The formative higher-order constructs can be retained as hypothesized.
The measurement model meets all quality criteria.